From the time of exposure, flea bite, animal bite, or exposure to mucus, to the onset of the first symptoms, headache, fever, nausea, aching, and swollen buboes, it took about six days on average for someone to die from the Bubonic Plague or Black Death.
The next stage—hemorrhaging and respiratory problems stemming from severe pneumonia—came quickly, usually causing death within a day or two.
Nowadays, luckily, bacterial infections can usually be wiped out by antibiotics.