The works of the writers, artists, and performers of the Harlem Renaissance were published in black journals, often with the help of white patrons and black editors, such as Charles S. Johnson at Opportunity (published by the Urban League); A. Philip Randolph, editor of the Messenger, and Jessie Fauset (1886-1961) and W. E. B. Du Bois at Crisis (published by the NAACP).