Blacks were attracted to the cities because of the opportunities for work, mostly in the iron and steel industries. They wrote letters back home to let friends and families know what opportunities were like:
The people are rushing here by the thousands, and I know that if you come here and rent a big house you can get all the roomers you want. I work in the Swift Packing Co., in the sausage department. My daughter and I work at the same place. We get $1.50 a day, and the hours are not so long, before you know it it is time to go home. I make $90 a month with ease. I am well and thankful to be in a city with no lynching and no beating.
Newspapers and magazines published by African Americans appeared in all the larger black communities. Baptist and Pentecostal churches were established that appealed to African Americans who had newly arrived from the rural South. By the early twentieth century, many black communities had at least a few black businesspeople. African American fraternal orders, political organizations, social clubs, and newspapers helped to create feelings of racial pride.
Still, urban blacks had to deal with hostility from white workers. There was a lot of competition for jobs from European immigrants. African Americans were also excluded from labor unions.
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